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Spread of mutations via vertical and horizontal transmission

Once a bacterium has a mutation that provides resistance to an antibiotic, it can spread through replication or through...

Van der Waals forces are a form of intermolecular (between molecules) force. 

A covalent bond is created by a shared pair of electons. (For example two chlorine atoms wil...

Photosynthesis requires optimal temperatures, high levels of light, and carbon dioxide.

The limiting factor of photosynthesis is the fac...

Say you have a differential equation of the form:
dy/dx + Py = Q , where P and Q are functions of x.
Remember that even if your equation doesn't initially look like this, you may be able to rea...

We can't integrate cos^2(x) as it is, so we want to change it into another form. We can easily do this using trig identities.

1) Recall the double angle formula:

c...