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Directional selection occurs when a phenotype at the extreme end of a distribution is favoured and so over time the distribution shifts in the direction of the favoured phenotype. An exam...

A PPF is a graph that can be used to explain opportunity cost, and trade off. It is made up of a concave line with, for example, apples on the vertical axis and bananas on the horizontal ...

Examiners want to see you properly engaging with any secondary material you use - it's important not to just drop it in and ignore it. Read a couple of secondary articles on your set texts and make sure t...

Introduction – Suggest that there is a shift change in audience sympathy towards both Bolingbroke and Richard across the course of the play. Set up the initial responses in the scene of Richard’s treatmen...

To simplify the fraction first notice (1-x²) = (1-x)(1+x) so the common factor of (1+x) in the numerator and denominator can be cancelled. (1+x)/((1-x^2)(2x+1)) = 1/((1-x)(2x+1)), then we need ...