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The membrane of all nerve cells maintains a potential difference of -70mV by pumping positive Na+ ions out of the cell. This is called the resting potential. A nerve impulse is a change in this potential ...

1.) First starts in the sino-atrial node. 2.) Sino-atrial node sends out regular waves of electricity to the atrial walls in order to initiate heart beat.3.) This leads to contraction of right and left at...

To find the turning point of the equation, it should be recognised that we desire the point at which the gradient is 0. The gradient is given by dy/dx and hence we differentiate the equation with respect ...

Meta-ethics is a study of ethical language and an attempt to understand what we mean when we use words such as "good" and "right". There are two main approaches to meta-ethics: cogniti...

At the first proton pump and associated electron carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD releases two H⁺ ions and two electrons. An electron travels down a series of electron ca...