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1. Interphase: DNA and organelles replicate 2) Prophase: Chromosomes condense (and become visible! - made up of two sister chromatids joined by centromere), nuclear membrane breaks down, and centrioles...

Light INDEPENDENT reaction:·       RuBP combines with CO₂, using Rubisco which is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction·       This forms 2x GP molecules·       Each GP is reduced to form TP, u...

Describe how the Meselsohn- Stahl experiment was set up. • Culture E. Coli for several generations with amino acids containing 15N. Incorporate 15N into DNA • 15N bacteria washed and tran...

Describe how bacteria are used to genetically modify crops.• Certain bacteria (Agrobacterium) can cause plant cells to multiply and form tumours by inserting plasmid DNA into genome of pl...

• DNA not copied properly before cell division: mistakes in copying; small errors - gene/point mutations • Chromosomes damaged/break: usually repair; but may repair incorrectly - large changes in may gene...