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Individuals with the recessive sickle-cell anaemia allele have a lower chance of developing severe malaria. Therefore, they are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the allele. The alle...

Facilitated diffusion is a passive process that occurs down a concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy (from ATP) to allow movement of substances against a concentration gradient.

Osmosis is the process describing the random movement of water molecules through a permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration until equilibrium is re...

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in the double-stranded DNA. RNA nucleotides then line up beside their corresponding nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G) along the template strand of t...

A phagocyte will engulf the pathogen by endocytosis. The vesicle containing the pathogen will fuse with the lysosome where it is degraded by hydrolytic enzymes. Short peptides of the pathogen will be disp...