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DNA is made up of two anti-parallel strands running in opposite directions. It is made up of individual monomers called nucleotides which in turn contain: a sugar (deoxyribose), a base (A, G, C or T), and...

Eukaryotic cells: bigger overall, chromosomes are linear and can be coiled round proteins for folding, larger ribosomes, they contain membrane bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chlorolpl...

1. Attraction of phagocyte (neutrophil), towards the bacterium 2) Neutrophil engulfs the pathogen, forming a phagosome3) Formation of lysosomes which are attracted to the phagosome4) Binding of lysosom...

The HIV life style has 7 stages. The first is binding: HIV has glycoproteins embedded in the membrane that help it to bind to CD4 receptors on the surface of a human cell. Next, the HIV envelope and human...

An action potential depolarises the sarcoma and depolarisation travels down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases Ca²⁺ (calcium ions) to the sarcoplasm. Ca²⁺ ca...