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The initial environment would be a harsh/hostile environment which few species would be adapted to. The volcanic rock would have to be broken down to form humus, only a little or none would have been avai...

What is a nerve synapse?

A synapse refers to the junction between two neurons. When an impulse (action potential) reaches the end of a neuron (the pre-synaptic neuron), the synapse allows this sign...

Before an action potential can even start, it is important to remember that there are already uneven concentrations of ions over the membrane. Potassium ions are at a higher concentration inside the cell,...

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP for short) is used to provide the energy for many cellular functions - by both animal and plant cells - as cells are unable to source their energy directly from sugars such as...

In terms of similarities, both processes involve generating a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane, by pumping protons from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration. This crea...