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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP for short) is used to provide the energy for many cellular functions - by both animal and plant cells - as cells are unable to source their energy directly from sugars such as...

In terms of similarities, both processes involve generating a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane, by pumping protons from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration. This crea...

The water potential in bacterial cells is higher than that of the honey, meaning that water leaves the bacterial cells by osmosis. This loss of water denatures the bacterial cells as it stops metabolic re...

Mutations are changes to the base sequence. The base sequence determines the amino acid sequence. A different base sequence therefore codes for a different amino acid sequence. Amino acids interact with e...

The function of the synapse is to transfer electric activity from one cell to another. At chemical synapses, the presynaptic neuron is separated from the postsynaptic neuron by a synaptic cleft. Transmiss...