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In a fractionating column there is a temperature gradient that goes from being very hot at the bottom, to much cooler at the top. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different lengths, and we know ...

In order to conduct electricity a substance must have charge particles, such as electrons and ions, that are free to move freely through it. In the solid state, ionic compounds such as sodium chloride hav...

Metallic bonding occurs due to electrostatic forces of attraction between a lattice of positively charged ions and a "sea" of delocalised electrons. (Draw diagram) These electrostatic forces are...

CO2 present in the air can dissolve in rain water producing carbonic acid. This acid is weak but can give rain water a slightly acidic pH of around 5.6

When this rain water falls it reacts with the...

Electrons are spread around the atom, in layers outside of the nucleus (which holds the protons and the neutrons). These layers are called shells. The innermost shell can only hold 2 electrons, the other ...