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Calvin carried out ‘feeding experiments’ where radioactive labelled carbon was fed to plants. ¹⁴CO₂ is taken up the cells and is then fixed into photosynthesis. ¹⁴CO_2...

Muscle fibers are comprised of elongated myofibrils. A myofibril is made of repeating chains of sarcomeres which have no nucleus but have myosin and actin filaments which are able to slide past each other...

Overview of oxydative phosphorelation: At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H⁺ to form water.

Enzymes catalyse reactions by reducing the activation energy required to begin a chemical reaction, without being used up in the reaction. They bind to the active site of a substrate to form an enzyme-sub...

Phagocytes are part of the innate immune system. They are primarily responsible for clearing extracellular infections e.g. bacteria or fungus, by recognising and ingesting the pathogen. Typically, pathoge...