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Water has an extremely high specific heat capacity. This means it requires large amounts of energy to increase its temperature, making it a constant environment. When water freezes the structure changes. ...

The refractory period means that another action potential cannot be generated.This is important as it allows the action potential to not propagate back but reset via the sodium-potassium pump, to restore ...

Temperature: An increase in temperature increases diffusion rate. Concentration gradient (difference in concentration): A greater concentration gradient increases diffusion rate. Surface area of a membran...

If osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane, then chemiosmosis is the same, but for chemicals. Let's consider the mitochondria, which has a double membrane envelope, and let'...