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All antibodies are produced by (B) lymphocytes, which are the cells of the immune system. They are produced as a response to special proteins (antigens) on the surface of pathogen cells; they are made to ...

Both are as a result of a lack of oxygen and produce small amounts of energy, however Yeast produces ethanol, where as a muscle cell will produce lactic acid. Yeast will furthermore produce CO2 while the ...

1. A neuronal action potential depolarises the pre-synaptic membrane (neuron 1) causing voltage-gated calcium channels to open.2) Extracellular calcium ions bind to receptors on the pre-synaptic membra...

The human body possesses a double circulatory system, in which blood passes through the heart in two cycles. In the first cycle, the right ventricle only pumps blood as far as the lungs (to enable oxygena...

1. Some types e.g. macrophages can engulf and digest pathogens, killing them
   2) Produce antibodies which recognise and target specific pathogens, thus preventing secondary infection
   3) Produc...