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Firstly, when answering an IB essay question, remember that you are noted through key words or concepts. I will put these in italics and then explain them. DNA is composed of nucleotides...

First, read the question carefully. It asks us to ‘Describe how mRNA is produced’, a good way to approach this is to go through the process step by step. Notice that the question is worth...

Respiration is the process which cells use to produce energy and happens in the mitochondria of the cells. Almost every cell carries out respiration. There are 4 main stages to respiration - glycolysis, t...

Action potentials are only initiated when depolarization above a certain level occurs, this level is known as the 'threshold potential'. 'Vm' is the resting membrane potential (voltage) and the depolarizi...

A virus is a pathogen which contains antigens on its cell surface. These antigens are detected and digested by macrophages. The two pathways involved in the detected and elimination of the virus is the ce...