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A single circulatory system is where blood flow starts with deoxygenated blood being pumped by the heart to the lungs or gills and then travelling directly to the rest of the body’s tissues. Found in fish...

Resting potential at - 75mV

Stimulus causes opening of sodium channels and influx of sodium ions, membrane becomes less polarized

Threshold potential reached at -55mV, opening of many more s...

NADP

Polar bears are well adapted for survival in the Arctic: 

White fur to camouflage themselves from prey on the snow and ice. 

Thick layers of fat and fur for insulation against the cold.

1. Soil erosion

2. Eutrophication

3. Global warming

4. Less transpiration