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A buffer solution is a solution which resists changes in pH when small quantities of acid or alkali are added to it. An example of a biological buffer system would be the bicarbonate buffer system (regula...

DNA requires one template strand that is conserved, in order for the nitrogenous bases to order themselves correctly in the new polynucleotide chain. This relies on the complimentary base pairing C-G and ...

The initial [-OH] is 0.250M since NaOH releases 1 mole of -OH per mole of base. Using Kw=[H+][-OH], [H+]=(110^-14)/0.250=410^-14M (note remember units). Hence the initial pH=-...

A catalyst increases the rate of the reaction because: 

• They provide an alternative energy pathway that has a lower activation energy 

• This means that more particles hav...

Reduction: loss of oxygen (or gain of electrons)