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Fractional distillation separates the different molecules in a crude oil mixture because of their differences in boiling points. 

A fractional distillation column is heated at the bottom and gets p...

Hydrogenation is used to add hydrogens to the vegetable oil molecules. This process gets rid of the double bonds in the molecular structure, making the molecules saturated, which lowers the melting point ...

Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, a pair in the 2s and two unpaired electrons in the 2p. For covalent bonds to form, each atom must donate one unpaired electron. Carbon makes four bonds because i...

The atomic radii of an atom is essentially the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outer shell of electrons- so atoms that are very small and have a small distance from the nucleus to the outer...

F2 has temporary dipole-dipole interactions known as van der Waals’ forces. Whilst HCl has permanent dipole-dipole interactions. The intermolecular forces in HCl are stronger than that in F2 (permanent di...