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An ion is a charged particle. 

They are made when an atom of neutral charge accepts or donates an electron from another atom or ion in order to bond with one another.

By definition, all transition metal ions have d orbitals. These are normally degenerate, lying at the same energy level as there is nothing to break the symmetry.

However, in the presence...

This is quite a complicated sounding question but it is actually quite simple if you break it down! Start by writing a balanced equation for the reaction:

3H₂ (g) + ...

Sometimes two molecules can exist as non-superimposable mirror-images. That is to say, the mirror image of a molecule cannot be exactly placed on top of the original molecule.

A good exam...

Diamond has a giant structure of carbon atoms held together by strong covalent bonds:  - Diamond is made up of many strong covalent bonds, so a lot of energy is needed to overcome them, so diamond has a h...