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The decision rule with act utilitarianism is ‘perform the action that results in the maximum sum of utility from those available when making the decision’. By contrast rule utilitarianism offers the revis...

This is a classic epistemological question asking you to engage with the debate between rationalists like Descartes and empiricists like Hume. To answer this effectively we need to make clear what the opp...

IB philosophy is set out for you to become the philosopher. It is more important to have you own opinion on each topic, using philosophers ideas to back up your opinion rather than quoting them. It is les...

The Ontological argument attempts to prove the existence of God deductively. Anselm is seen as having put forward this argument in its original form, paraphrased as the following syllogism: 1. The existen...

Created by Jeremy Bentham, it is a hedonistic (or in simpler words, pleasure driven) normative theory. We are basic animals driven by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Therefore, an action is morally go...