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Osmosis is the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane along a concentration gradient.

Break down the disaccharide lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose.

In a question like this, you will be given that the molar gas constant is R = 8.31JK^-1mol^-1. However, committing this to memory will be helpful. We should use the ideal gas law: PV =...