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Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism (different arrangement of the same atoms in 3D space) which is caused by the presence of a chiral carbon in a molecule. A chiral carbon is a carbon with four...

Firstly, depolarization of the neuronal membrane occurs. This is due to a stimulus which causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient...

The Endocrine part of the Pancreas is the Islets of Langerhans which contain alpha and beta cells. These cells secrete hormones directly into the blood. The alpha cells secrete glucagon and the beta cells...

First, the blood enters through the right and left atria. The atrioventricular valves are closed, so the blood pools up inside them. Then, the sinoatrial node (SAN) sends a pulse for the atria to contract...

Approaching unseen essay questions, and planning essays within the exam time constraints, can seem really intimidating. However having a sturdy planning method will allow you to attack any question with c...