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First, draw the graph of time against voltage for a typical action potential and label with points 1-8 (see whiteboard). 1. at rest, the membrane is polarised at -60mv (this is the potential inside the ce...

As we are looking for the horizontal displacement first we look at horizontal motion. We know that the horizontal velocity is 15ms^-1 but we dont know the time so we can't work out the horizontal displace...

d/dx(tan^2(x)) is not a known differential, and therefore requires a substitution to calculate it using simpler known differentials.

Using the identity sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1, the equation can be ...

We have, from the formula book, sin⁡(A±B)=sinAcosB±cosAsinB Using A=B=θ, we have sinθ+θ=sinθcosθ+cosθsinθ Which we can simplify to sin2θ=2sinθcosθ as required. We can t...

Receptors detect and sense changes in their surroundings, called stimuli, e.g. a light receptor.
Effectors produce the response to the stimulus, e.g. a muscle.