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The mixture of cryolite and aluminium oxide has a lower melting point than pure aluminium oxide. This means a lower amount of energy is required to establish effective conditions for electrolysis and thus...

The product rule is used when differentiating two functions that are multiplied by eachother. The formula for the product rule is: 

U (dv/dx) + V (du/dx)    where 'dv/dx' is the differential of the...

Differences in size of an ionic lattice are directly linked to differences in how exothermic the lattice enthalpy of a salt is. 

Mg²⁺ has a smaller radius than Ca²⁺  and thus ...

Pythagoras theorum is used to identify the lengths of any side on a right angle triangle. The theorem is as follows:

a²  + b² = c²    

We assume that the hyp...