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An atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-1), protons have a postive charge (+1) and neutrons have a neutral charge.

Atoms must have a neut...

Both antigenic shift and drift are used by viruses to adapt to selection pressures and avoid host immune systems. 

Antigenic shift is a slow change in the viral genes ove...

By recalling that e^ln(a) = a, you can rewrite 3^2x as e^2xln(3).

Then, you can differentiate this like any other e function, by using the product rule.

Essays for an English exam are best presented in the following format.  

1) Introduction: outline the points you will make in answer to the question, and some background information about...

For instruments that use a lower register, using the bass clef would sometimes mean lots of ledger lines, which can make a piece of music hard to read.  So, the alto and tenor clefs are used.  The only...