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The easiest way to visualise this is to imagine a line of four dinner ladies serving you different parts of a school meal e.g. the first peas, the second mash potatoes, the third chicken and the fourth gr...

Firstly, there are chemical differences between the two nucleic acids. DNA has the following structural properties:-double stranded and anti-parallel polymer held together by (relatively) weak hydrogen bo...

The chloroplast has a cell membrane like most cells/organelles. They are long and oval shaped with a similar shape/size to bacteria. Inside the organelle, the grana stack up like disks on top of one anoth...

An atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-1), protons have a postive charge (+1) and neutrons have a neutral charge.

Atoms must have a neut...

Both antigenic shift and drift are used by viruses to adapt to selection pressures and avoid host immune systems. 

Antigenic shift is a slow change in the viral genes ove...