Describe the process of translation

Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis. It involved the formation of primary mRNA. Transcription begins with a section of DNA within the nucleus unwinding using enzyme DNA helicase. This separates the complementary DNA strands through breaking the temporary weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (2 hydrogen bonds between A and T, 3 hydrogen bonds between C and G). The two DNA strands run in opposite directions one strand run in the direction 3 prime to 5 prime and the other running from 5 prime to 3 prime. The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesises the continuous formation of mRNA strand in the direction 5' to 3'. Hence the template strand would be the DNA strand that runs from 3' to 5'. This enzyme binds to a specific part of the DNA upstream to the gene of interest known as the promoter site. As RNA polymerase translocates down the template strand it would gather free conjugated bases and pair them with the complementary conjugated base on the DNA strand. This would be according to the complementary base pairing rule. However unlike DNA replication the free bases would be A,C,G and U. U replaces T. When RNA polymerase reaches and recognises a stop codon RNA polymerase would detach and transcription would be terminated. RNA ligase would synthesise the formation of phosphodiesterase bonds between the bases of the RNA strand. Once this has occurred the primary mRNA would then detach from the DNA template strand and two polypeptide chains would coil back together to form helical DNA.
The primary mRNA strand is a single stranded molecule that can now undergo post transcriptional modifications to become mature mRNA through splicing. Once completed this can then migrate through the nucleur pore where it can attach to ribosomes attached on rough endoplasmic reticulum ready for translation.