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First, draw the graph of time against voltage for a typical action potential and label with points 1-8 (see whiteboard). 1. at rest, the membrane is polarised at -60mv (this is the potential inside the ce...

Receptors detect and sense changes in their surroundings, called stimuli, e.g. a light receptor.
Effectors produce the response to the stimulus, e.g. a muscle.

These questions should be easy mark gainers as they don't usually require a lot of prior knowledge. However, many students find that they consistently lose all their marks on these questions. With many ex...

The student should think about this in steps starting with:

1. SAN initiates the heartbeat: The sinoatrial node (SAN) initates heart contraction by sending electrical impulses acro...

A stimulus (e.g. change in temperature, pain, etc.) results in the depolarisation of the membrane of the neuronal cell body. This depolarisation causes the membrane potential to rise from resting potentia...