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Water has many properties that make it an essential molecule within living things. One main property that water molecules have are hydrogen bonds. These are intermolecular forces that essentially allow wa...

The DNA in the parent cell is made up of two strands. We know that each daughter cell needs to contain two strands with the same information after DNA replication. There are three ways we could produce th...

1. Base insertion/addition. This is when a base pair is added to a sequence - for example AGTCGTAGC could become AGTCGATAGC. In this situation, a frame shift occurs, and every c...

Phagocytosis. Macrophage picks up signals of pathogen, extends cytoplasm around pathogen and engulfs it in a vesicle. Lysosomes diffuse towards the vesicle through the cytoplasm, fuse and the (lytic) enzy...

The phagocyte comes into contact with pathogen and phagocytic receptors detect the pathogen as 'non-self'. The phagocyte then binds to pathogen and engulfs the pathogen by the process of endocytosis. This...