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Phosphorus exists as P₄ and chlorine as Cl₂ so elemental phosphorus is a bigger molecule than chlorine. Neither of these molecules has a dipole so both have only induced dipole-dipol...

To perform the esterification, we are going to need to react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol (in this case). We already have the correct alcohol: ethanol. Therefore to get ethanoic acid we must oxidise ...

Phenol reacts with bromine at room temperature with no catalyst as the hydroxyl group activates the ring by donating a pi electron. This donated electron increases the electron density of the ring hence a...

Ka for ethanoic acid = 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm^–3 also given in question. moles = concentration x volume / 1000Ka = [H+] [A-]/[HA]pH = -log [H+]
initial moles:NaOH: 20x0.1/1000 = 0.002molCH_...

Anti-bumping granules prevent explosive boiling, as they provide a large surface area for bubbles to form on.