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This is a good example of where simplification can make an otherwise tricky question a lot easier. It is easy to get confused trying to work out different isotopes and the extra products of the decays, bu...

Drift - As a result of an electric field

Diffusion - As a result of a carrier gradient, by other words a difference in the carrier level from one side to the other, usually when we have a p-n junct...

You can use E= hf_o + KE and E=hf (Einstien's equations) to work how the frequency of a photon, where f_o is the threshold frequency and h is Planck's constant.

Travelling upwards

u = 8m/s     v = 0 m/s      a  = -9.8m/s       S = ?        t = ?

v = u + at                                      v²  = u² + 2a(S - 1.5)

Sharpness describes how well the edges of structures in an x-ray image are defined, while contrast describes the difference in degree of blackening of adjacent structures.