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Define stroke volume as the volume of blood expelled by the left ventricle into the aorta per contraction of the heart.Idea that as blood volume in the ventricle increases, this stretches the sarcomeres o...

For speciation to occur, two populations of a species must become reproductively isolated. This can result from either the formation of a geographic barrier between two populations of the species, prevent...

When the potassium ions move into the guard cells they increase the concentration. This causes water to move into the guard cells from more dilute areas by osmosis. The additional water leads to the guard...

The genetic code is universal because all species use the same four bases A,T,C and G, and each base sequence codes for the same amino acid in all species. despite the 64 possible codons (sequence of thre...

Muscle contraction begins after an action potential reaches the required muscle and causes the calcium ion protein channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open. This allows the calcium ions to diffuse d...