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The membrane of all nerve cells maintains a potential difference of -70mV by pumping positive Na+ ions out of the cell. This is called the resting potential. A nerve impulse is a change in this potential ...

1.) First starts in the sino-atrial node. 2.) Sino-atrial node sends out regular waves of electricity to the atrial walls in order to initiate heart beat.3.) This leads to contraction of right and left at...

DNA replication is semi-conservative and occurs in the 5' to 3' direction. In the lagging strand it is discontinuous (forming Okazaki fragments) and in the leading strand it is continuous.
1) First,...

At the first proton pump and associated electron carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD releases two H⁺ ions and two electrons. An electron travels down a series of electron ca...

Water moves down a concentration gradient, where it goes from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. This is a process called osmosis which does not require any energy. When a cell is place...