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Translation is the process where mRNA in the cytoplasm becomes a functional protein. Translation follows transcription, where an mRNA for a protein-coding gene is made. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through...

It is made up of 3 genes: lacZ, lacY and lacA which encode for B-galactosidase (LacZ), lactose permease (LacY), and another enzyme (not studied at A level) respectively.The functions of LacZ (the enzyme) ...

osmosis is the movement of water Across a semi permeable membrane. Water molecules more from an area of high water concentration to an are of low water. This would bean water would move from an area where...

Stimulus --> receptor --> coordinator --> effector --> response. Pin prick --> skin receptors --> sensory neurone --> relay neurone --> motor neurone --> effector muscle --> ...

Folding of proteins occurs in 4 distinct stages: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary structure is the formation of the amino acid (peptide) sequence, here the amino acids are joined toget...