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Action potentials need to be transmitted over the synaptic cleft. This is achieved by the electrical impulse being converted into chemical and then back to electrical. First the action potential reaches t...

An action potential from the presynaptic neurone arrives at the presynaptic knob. This process causes voltage-gated Calcium ion channels in the presynaptic membrane to open. Calcium ions then diffuse into...

High absorption of salt from the diet results in a higher than normal concentration of salt (sodium chloride) in the blood plasma entering capillaries. This means that there is a higher concentration of s...