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When the core body temperature falls below the optimum, vasoconstriction occurs meaning blood flow to the vessels supplying the skin is reduced. This is beneficial as it reduces lost energy. The body also...

The theory of Evolution by Natural Selection was first proposed by Darwin in 1859. Evolution is the observation that species change over time, for example the beak of birds getting larger or the neck of g...

Enzymes are globular (globe-like) proteins, meaning they exist as 3D structures. As a protein, it is composed of a chain of amino acids which is able to fold into secondary structures such as alpha-helice...

Genes are the code that makes up all life on Earth. Genes are sections of the long chain-like molecule called DNA, which is found coiled up into chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. The most important par...

The external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs upwards and outwards. At the same time the muscles of the diaphragm contract, pulling the diaphragm down and causing it to flatten. Both of thes...