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Different phenotypes can be generated without changes to the genotype through a process called Epigenetics. Epigenetics, meaning “above genes”, is the study of changes to the phenotype caused by changes i...

For a trait to evolve, firstly, there has to be genetic variation among individuals, which will lead to differences in phenotype and cause differences in fitness in a particular environment. These differe...

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is responsible for storing genetic information and is composed of a chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is formed by a nitrogen base, a phosphate backbone and a sugar. There ...

First you prove the case n=1 is true. Then you assume that n=k is true, then calculate what n=k+1 is. This should prove true, so that by induction, you have proved that the statement is true for all natur...

Collide, in the right orientation, with sufficient energy (more than the activation energy barrier)