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Hydrogen ions are pumped out of companion cells using ATP.This creates a high concentration of hydrogen ions outside of the companion cell. H+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient back into the ...

Writing an essay is an art: it takes practice to perfect. But the key to writing good essays is proper preparation. Under exam time pressure, it can be tempting to skimp on planning and launch straight in...

Firstly, you should often begin with highlighting what the question is actually asking you and making sure to contain the key phrases or terms in your answer. This will also help tremendously to keep on t...

Remember, the quality of quotes is much more important than quantity! It’s important to note that a quote will not convey your analysis by itself; you need to elaborate on your choice to use a specific se...

Key Terms: Omnipotent: all-powerful, God can do anything. Omnibenevolent: all-loving, God loves everybody and everything. Evil: a cause of human suffering Natural evil: evil/suffering caused by nature Mor...