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A mutation in the viral RNA results in a change in the RNA base sequences. This can result in a change in the amino acid sequence during translation. This then changes the position of intramolecular bonds...

There are four main electron carrier protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial complex, which use the energy from the transfer of electrons to pump H+ into the intermembrane space, this is known as the...

When an action potential reaches a presynaptic cell, it causes voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane to open, which allows Ca2+ to enter the cell. This Ca2+ diffuses into the cell from high to low co...

Cells under attack release histamine --> attracts macrophagesMacrophage engulfs pathogen into a phagocytic vacuole by phagocytosisMacrophage carries o...

Atherosclerosis is a build up of fat deposits in large and medium sized arteries. This causes narrowing of the blood vessels and can lead to cardiovascular disease. If a plaque ruptures it can cause occlu...