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Vaccines are designed so that they contain antigens - for example viral antigens from the virus we wish to protect against. When these are injected they are recognised as foreign by white blood cells call...

Crossing over is a process that happens during meiosis and results in genetic variation in gametes. It happens between prophase and metaphase. Pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up next to each other t...

• The enzyme DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two polynucloetide DNA strands causing the double helix to unzip, forming two single strands.

• Each original single...

A condensation reaction is the formation of a chemical bond between two molecules with the elimination of a water molecule. You can tell this reaction has occurred when you see an equation written down as...

Glycolysis which is where glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate releasing 2ATP and 2NADH. Second is the link reaction. This links glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle. Pyruvate molecules are decarb...