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Good question. You must think about these questions in progressive steps. The first step is given - vasoconstriction. What does this cause? A reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel. So you've got t...

Within a population there is genetic variation between individuals. For example, individuals have different combinations of different alleles, which may or may not be passed onto their offspring. Genetic ...

Degenerate genetic coding means that although there are 64 different codons, there are only 21 amino acids, meaning that there are multiple codons which code for one single amino acid. The advantage for t...

[Hints given to student: (1) Bread contains starch, and (2) saliva mixes with your food when you are chewing].ANSWER: Bread contains the carbohydrate called 'starch', a molecule consistin...

The binding curve of haemoglobin to its substrate is sigmoidal ('s' -shaped). Haemoglobin has four subunits, each of which will bind one molecule of oxygen. The reason for the sigmoidal shape is the proce...